{"id":7717,"date":"2020-08-20T16:30:25","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T14:30:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/?p=7717"},"modified":"2020-08-19T22:31:44","modified_gmt":"2020-08-19T20:31:44","slug":"covid-onehealth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/en\/covid-onehealth\/","title":{"rendered":"From plague to COVID-19: human health and ecosystems"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7735 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/K_Khan-Hi-Res-2-610x380-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/K_Khan-Hi-Res-2-610x380-1.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/K_Khan-Hi-Res-2-610x380-1-480x299.jpg 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 610px, 100vw\" \/><\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<h3><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\">Human health and ecosystems: a relationship of\u00a0 interdependency<br \/>\n<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<div>The current pandemic reminds us that human and ecosystems healths are closely linked. For decades, scientists, especially in the medical field, thought that it would one day be possible to control all living things on Earth, specifically microorganisms. Scientific ecology, which is the science of life and in ecosystems, teaches us that it is impossible, and that this hygienist idea is dangerous. Indeed, on our planet, life is characterized by the existence of millions of species of different orders (plants, animals, etc.) and in particular viruses and microbes. The &#8220;microbes&#8221; are even at the origin of respiration and photosynthesis, and play an essential role in the nutrition of plants, herbivores and even humans, as described by symbiosis specialist Marc-Andr\u00e9 Selosse in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.babelio.com\/livres\/Selosse-Jamais-seul\/976004\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">his last work<\/a>. It is therefore futile to want to eradicate or even control viruses and microbes, and the absurd attempts to sterilize beaches in Spain and people in the United States during the pandemic have resulted in disasters.<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">History sheds interesting light on the link between the emergence of pandemics and the disruption of ecosystems.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Indeed, many microorganisms live in the organisms of animals, often rodents or other mammals, for which they are less lethal than for humans.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">By getting closed to these species, described by us as &#8220;wild&#8221; human societies creates pandemics.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">In the case of COVID-19, even if we do not know the precise origin of this pandemic (pangolin or bat), it is undoubtedly has its origin in the disturbance of species or ecosystems previously distant from us.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>An old story<\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\">A recent book1, dealing with relations, much older than what public opinion thinks, between China and us, contains a chapter on the Black Death (14th century), which singularly sheds light on the current situation.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">Let us retain two interesting facts from it:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">Scientists and historians of the time already knew that great calamities followed periods of ecosystem disturbance.<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">At the time, these disturbances were due to damages caused by the Mongol hordes, whose horses turned everything in their path, but also to long-term phenomena, such as groundhog hunting.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\">Since the research of Alexandre Yersin in the twentieth century, we know with certainty that rodents such as gerbils and marmots are the first hosts of plague, which fleas then transmited to the rats that infested cities<\/span><span title=\"\">.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-7731\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/pierre-brueghel-the-triumph-of-death-l.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"600\" height=\"427\" \/><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">Recent research shows that the plague probably originated in Central Asia<\/span><\/span><\/strong><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\"> (Kyrgyzstan or Tajikistan), from where it was brought by the Mongols to the Black Sea, where Genoese merchants (therefore Italians), certainly <\/span><\/span><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">brought it back to Europe.<\/span> <span title=\"\">From that time on, the globalization of trade was therefore not without danger.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">This does not mean that international trade only had negative effects.<\/span><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"text-wrap tlid-copy-target\">\n<h3 class=\"result-shield-container tlid-copy-target\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\">Accelerated erosion of biodiversity<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"result-shield-container tlid-copy-target\" tabindex=\"0\"><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">Though not recent, the disturbance, and even the destruction of ecosystems, and more generally of biodiversity, is today taking on a particularly worrying scale.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Most species have a limited lifespan on Earth, so the disappearance of species is a normal phenomenon, on a geological time scale.<\/span> <span title=\"\">The current rate of disappearance of animal or plant species, estimated by scientists to be 1,000 to 10,000 times faster than the usual rate, should alarm us.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">Beyond these figures, we can observe the simplification of the landscapes, the drastic reduction in the populations of birds, reptiles and especially insects.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\"><strong>The simplification of our diet<\/strong> is a notable illustration and consequence of this, with around fifteen plants now representing most of the human diet.<\/span> <span title=\"\">The following diagram, already old, illustrates one aspect of the loss of food diversity in 80 years (compare the upper part and the lower part), as a decline in the varieties of common cultivated species.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">Almost 4 decades later, the movement towards food standardization has only accelerated.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-7665 size-medium aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/FoodBiodiversityLoss-300x292.gif\" alt=\"Perte de biodiversit\u00e9 alimentaire\" width=\"300\" height=\"292\" \/><\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">What approach to emerging diseases?<\/span><\/span><\/h3>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">Serious as it is, COVID-19 is undoubtedly only the latest in a series of more or less severe pandemics that awaits Humanity if it continues to disrupt ecosystems.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Let us not forget also that many other emerging diseases are the consequences of our mode of economic development, and of the environmental disruptions it generates.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">Modern medicine had wiped out many infectious diseases of the past, but while waiting for the next pandemic, the incidence of so-called &#8220;civilization diseases&#8221; such as cancer or cardiovascular disease has increased in recent decades.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">In France, around 2,790 people die of cancer every month, that is more than 16,400 people in the first half of 2020. A good proportion of these deaths are due to ambient pollution, generated by synthetic molecules released into the air, in<\/span> <span title=\"\">water and in food.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">The analysis above shows the interest of a holistic approach to human health.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Since we must forget the idea that our species could master such a widespread and important category of living things &#8211; microorganisms &#8211;<strong> it is import to adapt human activity to the reality of life on our planet<\/strong>.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Attempts to do the opposite are doomed to failure.<\/span> <span title=\"\">This is why slogans such as &#8220;integrating biodiversity into the actions of companies&#8221; encounter serious limits.<\/span> <span title=\"\">Biodiversity cannot be integrated into any human action.<\/span> <span title=\"\">The logic of the living is a predicament which human action must take into account.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">There are proposals for new ways to integrate human action in the great cycles of life, whether on a planetary scale or at the scale of local ecosystems.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">This opens up many avenues to a happy life, within planetary boundaries, as this diagram borrowed from Oxfam illustrates.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-6656 \" src=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-300x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"366\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-150x150.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-768x766.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-1024x1021.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en-1080x1077.jpg 1080w, https:\/\/www.pierrejohnson.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/fair-safe-en.jpg 1623w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 366px) 100vw, 366px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span title=\"\">From this perspective, the One Health approach is promising.<\/span> <span class=\"\" title=\"\">This concept,\u00a0 introduced in the early 2000s, summarizes in a few words the idea that human health and animal health are interdependent and linked to the health of ecosystems. It should be broadened and mainstreamed, for Humanity to thrive more harmoniously on Earth.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>1 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/book\/show\/44549865-great-state\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Great state:<\/a><span class=\"tlid-translation translation\" lang=\"en\"><span class=\"\" title=\"\"> China and the world, by Timothy Brook, 2019. I advise everyone to read this book, the interest of which goes far beyond the issue of pandemics.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Human health and ecosystems: a relationship of\u00a0 interdependency The current pandemic reminds us that human and ecosystems healths are closely linked. For decades, scientists, especially in the medical field, thought that it would one day be possible to control all living things on Earth, specifically microorganisms. Scientific ecology, which is the science of life and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":7735,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[60],"tags":[167,227,282,280],"class_list":["post-7717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bioeconomy","tag-biodiversity","tag-biodiversity-en","tag-globalization","tag-health"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>From plague to COVID-19: human health and ecosystems - Pierre W. 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